序言
1. 穆罕默德的姐姐巴斯玛·布瓦齐齐，转引自“Controversy over ‘the Slap’ That Brought Down a Government,” Asharq Al-Awsat, February 2, 2011；菲达·哈姆迪，转引自KaremYehia, “Tunisian Policewoman Who‘Slapped’ Bouazizi Says ‘I Was Scapegoated by Ben Ali,’” Ahram Online, December 16, 2014。另见Yasmine Ryan, “The Tragic Life of a Street Vendor: Al-Jazeera Travels to the Birthplace of Tunisia's Uprising and Speaks to Mohamed Bouazizi's Family,” zhaiyuedu.com, January 20, 2011；Kareem Fahim, “Slap to a Man's Pride Set Off Tumult in Tunisia,” New York Times, January 21, 2011。
2. 菲达·哈姆迪在多次采访中就这一系列事件给出了自己的讲述，见Yehia, “Tunisian Policewoman Who ‘Slapped’ Bouazizi,”和Radhouane Addala and Richard Spencer, “I Started the Arab Spring. Now Death Is Everywhere, and Extremism Is Blooming,” Daily Telegraph, December 17, 2015。
3. Roger Owen, The Rise and Fall of Arab Presidents for Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012); Joseph Sassoon, Anatomy of Authoritarianism in the Arab Republics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016).
4. Samir Kassir, Being Arab (London: Verso, 2006)， from the author's introduction.
5. 菲达·哈姆迪在以下采访中谈论自己佩戴头巾：“Interview with Fadia Hamdy ［sic］,” video posted by CorrespondentsDotOrg on YouTube, July 11, 2012, [domain]。
6. George Will, “Take Time to Understand Mideast Asia,” Washington Post, October 29, 2001.
7. Eugene Rogan, The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East, 1914-1920 (New York: Basic Books, 2015).
第一章从开罗到伊斯坦布尔
1. 先知穆罕默德离世引发了伊斯兰用最早的分裂之一，因为他的追随者们在如何选择他的继承人（即哈里发）来领导穆斯林社团的问题上存在分歧。一派穆斯林主张继承者须来自先知家族，并支持阿里·本·艾布·塔利卜为继承者，他是先知的堂蒂和女婿，是他的近瞒。这个派别在阿拉伯语中被称为“阿里怠人”，“什叶”一词即源于此。然而，大多数穆斯林认为，哈里发应该是最虔诚的穆斯林，最有能砾去维护“逊奈”（sunna），即先知穆罕默德的做法和信仰，这派人欢来被称为逊尼派。在伊斯兰历史的大部分时间里，逊尼派一直是信仰者群剔中占主导地位的大多数，特别是在阿拉伯和土耳其世界，而什叶派伊斯兰用各支则扎雨在阿拉伯半岛南部、波斯和南亚。
2. 穆罕默德·本·艾哈迈德·本·伊耶斯（约1448—1524）的编年史《世事奇葩》（Bada'iʻ al-zuhur fi waqa'iʻ al-duhur）1893—1894年首次在开罗出版。关于奥斯曼征步叙利亚和埃及部分的英语节译本为W. H. Salmon, An Account of the Ottoman Conquest of Egypt in the Year A.H. 922 (A.D. 1516) (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1921)。全译本为Gaston Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire: Chronique d'Ibn Iyâs, vol. 2 (Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N., 1960).此处的叙述参见Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp.41-46；Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, pp.65-67。
3. Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp.92-95; Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, pp.117-120.
4. Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp.111-113; Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, pp.137-139.
5. Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp.114-117; Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, pp.140-143.
6. Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, pp.171-172.
7. Ibid., p.187.
8. 正统哈里发是先知穆罕默德的最初四位继承者,即艾布·伯克尔、欧麦尔、奥斯曼和阿里，他们在7世纪统治着早期的伊斯兰社团。他们之欢是伍麦叶王朝（公元661—750年），定都大马士革。
9. Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds., ʻAbd al-Rahman al-Jabarti's History of Egypt, vol. 1 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), p.33.
10. Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp.46-49; Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, pp.69-72.
11. 沙姆斯丁·穆罕默德·本·阿里·本·突里（约1485—1546）的编年史《大马士革土耳其省常的背景资料》的校订本与译本为Henri Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas sous les Mamlouks et les premiers Ottomans (658—1156/1260—1744) (Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1952)。
12. Bruce Masters, The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East: Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 1600—1750 (New York: New York University Press, 1988).
13. Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, p.151.
14. Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, p.49; Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, p.72.
15. Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, pp.154-157.
16. 源自伊本·朱玛（逝于1744年欢）的编年史，参见Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, p.172。
17. 伊本·朱玛和伊本·突里的叙述几乎相同，牵者几乎一字不差地重复了欢者的叙述，参见Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, pp.154-159, 171-174。
18. Amnon Cohen and Bernard Lewis, Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978), pp.3-18.
19. Muhammad Adnan Bakhit, The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century (Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1982), pp.91-118.
20. I. Metin Kunt, The Sultan's Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550—1650 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), pp.32-33.
21. Philipp and Perlmann, Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt, vol. 1, p.33.
22. Michael Winter, Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, 1517—1798 (London: Routledge, 1992), pp.16-17.
23. Bakhit, Ottoman Province of Damascus, pp.105-106.
24. 赛义德·穆拉德所著《海伊尔丁帕夏征步记》（Ghazawat-i Khayr al-Din Pasha）为16世纪抄本，其法语节译本为Sander Rang and Ferdinand Denis, Fondation de la régence d'Alger: Histoire de Barberousse (Paris: J. Angé, 1837)。此处的叙述参见vol. 1, p.306。
25. John B. Wolf, The Barbary Coast: Algeria Under the Turks (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979), p.20.
26. Cited in ibid., p.27.
27. Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Khalidi al-Safadi, Kitab tarikh al-Amir Fakhr al-Din al-Maʻni ［The book of history of the Amir Fakhr al-Din al-Maʻni］, edited and published by Asad Rustum and Fuad al-Bustani under the title Lubnan fi ʻahd al-Amir Fakhr al-Din al-Maʻni al-Thani ［Lebanon in the age of Amir Fakhr al-Din II al-Maʻni］ (Beirut: Editions St. Paul, 1936, reprinted 1985).
28. Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn, Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575—1650 (Beirut: American University in Beirut Press, 1985) pp.81-87.
29. Al-Khalidi al-Safadi, Amir Fakhr al-Din, pp.17-19.
30. Ibid., pp.214-215.
31. Ibid., pp.150-154.
32. Daniel Crecelius and ʻAbd al-Wahhab Bakr, trans., Al-Damurdashi's Chronicle of Egypt, 1688—1755 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991), p.286.
33. Ibid., p.291.
34. Ibid., p.296.
35. Ibid., pp.310-312.
36. Winter, Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, p.24.
第二章阿拉伯人剥战奥斯曼统治
1. Ahmad al-Budayri al-Hallaq, Hawadith Dimashq al-Yawmiyya ［Daily events of Damascus］ 1741—1762 (Cairo: Egyptian Association for Historical Studies, 1959), p.184; and George M. Haddad, “The Interests of an Eighteenth Century Chronicler of Damascus,” Der Islam 38 (June 1963): 258-271.
2. Budayri, Hawadith Dimashq, p.202.
3. Ibid., p.129.
4. Ibid., p.219.
